A report is a talkative work (usually of writing, speech, television, or film) made with the specific intention of relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable form.

Written reports are documents which present focused, salient content to a specific audience. Reports are often used to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. The audience may be public or private, an individual or the public in general. Reports are used in government, business, education, science, and other fields.

Reports often use persuasive elements, such as graphics, images, voice, or specialized vocabulary in order to persuade that specific audience to undertake an action. One of the most common formats for presenting reports is IMRAD: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion. This structure is standard for the genre because it mirrors the traditional publication of scientific research and summons the ethos and credibility of that discipline. Reports are not required to follow this pattern, and may use alternative patterns like the problem-solution format.

Additional elements often used to persuade readers include: headings to indicate topics, to more complex formats including charts, tables, figures, pictures, tables of contents, abstracts, summaries, appendices, footnotes, hyperlinks, and references.

Some examples of reports are: scientific reports, recommendation reports, white papers, annual reports, auditor's reports, workplace reports, census reports, trip reports, progress reports, investigative reports, budget reports, policy reports, demographic reports, credit reports, appraisal reports, inspection reports, military reports, bound reports, etc.

Enterprise/Client reporting

With the dramatic expansion of information technology, and the desire for increased competitiveness in corporations, there has been an increase in the use of computing power to produce unified reports which join different views of the enterprise in one place. Termed Enterprise Reporting, this process involves querying data sources with different logical models to produce a human readable report—for example, a computer user has to query the Human Resources databases and the Capital Improvements databases to show how efficiently space is being used across an entire corporation.'''

Enterprise Reporting is a fundamental part of the larger movement towards improved business intelligence and knowledge management. Often implementation involves extract, transform, and load (ETL) procedures in coordination with a data warehouse and then using one or more reporting tools. While reports can be distributed in print form or via email, they are typically accessed via a corporate intranet.

See also

Customer Relationship Management

Data quality

Enterprise Application Integration

Enterprise Resource Planning

Decision Support System

Global Reporting Initiative

Management Information Systems

Grey Literature International Steering Committee International guidelines for the production of scientific and technical reports

References

Reports or an explanation about them:

Link, Morton and Hill, Winfrey (1970). Hill-Link Minority Report of the Presidential Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. Random House.

United States Immigration Commission (1911). Abstracts Of Reports Of The Immigration Commission, With Conclusions And Recommendations And Views Of The Minority. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4366-1613-1.

The process of writing reports:

Blicq, Ronald (2003). "Technically-Write!". Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-114878-8.

Gerson, Sharon and Gerson, Steven (2005). Technical Writing: Process and Product. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-119664-2.

Lannon, John (2007). Technical Communication. Longman. ISBN 0-205-55957-3.

External links

A Guide to Enterprise Reporting

GLISC - Guidelines for the production of scientific and technical reports

DynamicReports, an open source Java API reporting library

Reporting Software Tools Independent Review and analysis of reporting tools

Category:Documents Category:Technical communication Category:Business intelligence

kn:ವರದಿ de:Bericht es:Informe eo:Raporto fr:Reporting it:Relazione (testo) he:דין וחשבון (מסמך) nl:Rapport ja:レポート no:Rapport (sjanger) nn:Rapport pt:Relatório ru:Доклад pl:Reportaż uk:Звіт

Agency name	Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China
Nativename a	中华人民共和国公安部
Logo width	140px
Formed	1949
Jurisdiction	(Mainland only)
Headquarters	Beijing
Chief1 name	Meng Jianzhu
Chief1 position	Minister of Public Security
Parent agency	State Council
Website	http://www.mps.gov.cn/
Footnotes	}}

The Ministry of Public Security (Abbreviation: MPS; ) (prior to 1954, the ''Central'' Ministry of Public Security), is the principal police and security authority of the mainland of the People's Republic of China and the government agency that exercises oversight over and is ultimately responsible for day-to-day law enforcement. It is headed by the Minister of Public Security.

As the main domestic security agency in the People's Republic of China, the MPS is the equivalent of the National Police Agency in Japan or national police in other countries. It also controls and administers the People's Armed Police. Since the creation of the Ministry of State Security in 1983, the MPS has lost much authority and does not undertake paramilitary functions, which are now within the province of the People's Armed Police, nor does it generally conduct domestic intelligence which since 1983 has been a primary responsibility of the Ministry of State Security. Hong Kong and Macau have their own security bureaus/agencies and police forces. , the Minister of Public Security is Meng Jianzhu.

Local municipal police under the MPS used to be usually unarmed in contrast to the agents of the PAP; however since 2006 decision has been taken to issue sidearms to all frontline MPS personnel; the chosen firearm is a 9mm double-action revolver manufactured by the China North Industries Corporation.

There have been public complaints that the Public Security Bureaus (Abbreviation: PSB; Simplified Chinese: 公安局; pinyin: ''gōng ān jú''), the provincial and municipal counterparts of the national MPS, are undermanned and unable to deal with what the public perceives to be the problem of rising crime. Other issues that have surfaced in recent years include insufficient salaries, poor training, low morale among the officers, and complaints about abuses of power.

History

The Ministry of Public Security was among the very first government organs of the PRC. It superseded the Ministry of Public Security of the communist party's Central Military Commission, a transitional body created in July 1949 by removing the security service remit from the CCP Central Department of Social Affairs (CDSA). The ministry began operations on 1 November 1949, at the end of a two-week long National Conference of Senior Public Security Cadres. Most of its initial staff of less than 500 cadres came from the (former) regional CCP North China Department of Social Affairs. At the national level, its creation signaled the formal abolition of the CDSA. The ministry moved to its present location, in the heart of the one-time foreign legation quarters in Beijing, in the spring of 1950.

Organization

The MPS is organized into functional departments (see below). Subordinate to the MPS are the provincial- and municipal-level PSB and sub-bureaus at the county and urban district levels. At the grassroots level, finally, there are police stations (''paichusuo'') which serve as the direct point of contact between police and ordinary citizens. While public security considerations have weighed heavily at all levels of administration since the founding of the PRC, the police are perceived by some outside observers to wield progressively greater influence at lower levels of government.

The organization of local public security stations may be inferred from the tasks with which the police are charged. Generally, each police station has sections assigned to cover census and household registration matters, pretrial investigations, welfare, traffic control, and other activities. Each also has a detention center.

Departmental structure

At the time of its creation, the Ministry of Public Security had a simple departmental structure comprising one general office and six functional directorates, numbered sequentially and responsible for political security, economic security, public order and administration, border security, armed security, and personnel. Today’s ministry is organized into the following departments:

Central Office,

Supervision,

Personnel & Training,

Public Relations,

Economic Crime Investigation,

Public Order Administration,

Border Control,

Criminal Investigation,

Exit & Entry Administration,

Fire Control,

Security Protection,

Public Information Network Security Supervision,

Penitentiary Administration,

Traffic Control,

Legal Affairs,

International Cooperation,

Logistics and Finance,

Drug Control,

Science & Technology,

Counter-terrorism, and

Info-communications.

Railway, navigation, civil aviation, forestry and anti-smuggling public security departments are under the dual leadership of their superior administration and the MPS.

Responsibilities and operations

In the 1980s the public security station—the police element in closest contact with the people—was supervised by the public security subbureau as well as by local governments and procuratorates. The procuratorate could assume direct responsibility for any case that it chose, and it supervised investigations in those cases in which the public security station was allowed to conduct investigations. A great deal of coordination occurred among the public security organs, the procuratorates, and the courts, so that a trial was unlikely to produce a surprise outcome.

The public security station generally had considerably broader responsibilities than a police station in the West, involving itself in every aspect of the district people's lives. In a rural area a station typically has a chief, a deputy chief, a small administrative staff, and a small police force. In an urban area it usually has a greater number of administrative staff members and seven to eighteen patrolmen. Its criminal law activities included investigation, apprehension, interrogation, and temporary detention. The station's household section maintained a registry of all persons living in the area. Births, deaths, marriages, and divorces were recorded and confirmed through random household checks. The station regulated all hotels and required visitors who remained beyond a certain number of days to register. All theaters, cinemas, radio equipment, and printing presses also were registered with the local public security station, permitting it to regulate gatherings and censor information effectively. It also regulated the possession, transportation, and use of all explosives, guns, ammunition, and poisons.

Another important police function was controlling change of residence. Without such controls, large numbers of rural residents undoubtedly would move to the overcrowded cities in search of better living standards, work, or education. In April 1984 the State Council issued the Tentative Regulations Governing People's Republic of China Resident Identity, this became the identification card of the People's Republic of China. The regulations, implemented over a period of years, required all residents over sixteen years of age, except active-duty members of the People's Liberation Army and the People's Armed Police and inmates serving prison sentences, to be issued resident identity cards by the MPS. The identification card indicates the name, sex, nationality, ethnicity, date of birth, and address of the bearer. Cards for persons sixteen to twenty-five years of age were valid for ten years; those for persons between twenty-five and forty-five were valid for twenty years; and persons over forty-five were issued permanent cards. As of early 1987, only 70 million people had been issued identity cards, well below the national goal. Also, even those with resident identity cards preferred to use other forms of identification.

Criminal procedure powers

Public security officials also made extensive use of their authority to impose administrative sanctions through two sets of documents. These were the 1957 Regulations on re-education through labor, which were reissued in 1979 with amendments, and the 1957 Regulations Governing Offenses Against Public Order, which were rescinded and replaced in 1986 by regulations of the same name. Offenders under the Regulations on Reeducation Through Labor might include "vagabonds, people who have no proper occupation, and people who repeatedly breach public order." The police could apprehend such individuals and sentence them to reeducation through labor with the approval of local labor-training administration committees. The 1957 regulations placed no limit on the length of sentences, but beginning in the early 1960s sentences of three or four years were the norm. The 1979 amended Regulations, however, limited the length of reeducation through labor to three years with the possibility of extensions in extraordinary cases. The Regulations Governing Offenses Against Public Order empowered the police to admonish, fine, or detain people for up to fifteen days. Goods illegally in the possession of an offender were to be confiscated, and payment was imposed for damages or hospital fees in the event that injury had been caused.

The criminal laws in force after January 1, 1980, restricted police powers regarding arrests, investigations, and searches. A public security official or a citizen could apprehend a suspect under emergency conditions, but a court or procuratorate was required to approve the arrest. The accused had to be questioned within twenty-four hours and his or her family or work unit notified of the detention "except in circumstances where notification would hinder the investigation or there was no way to notify them." Any premeditated arrest required a warrant from a court or procuratorate. The time that an accused could be held pending investigation was limited to three to seven days, and incarceration without due process was made illegal.

Two officials were needed to conduct a criminal investigation. They were required to show identification and, apparently, to inform the accused of the crime allegedly committed before he or she was questioned. The suspect could refuse to answer only those questions irrelevant to the case. Torture was rendered illegal.

The 1980 laws also provided that in conjunction with an arrest the police could conduct an emergency search; otherwise, a warrant was required. They had the right to search the person, property, and residence of an accused and the person of any injured party. They could intercept mail belonging to the accused and order an autopsy whenever cause of death was unclear.

In July 1980 the government approved new regulations governing police use of weapons and force. Police personnel could use their batons only in self-defense or when necessary to subdue or prevent the escape of violent criminals or rioters. Lethal weapons, such as pistols, could be used if necessary to stop violent riots, to lessen the overall loss of life, or to subdue surrounded but still resisting criminals. The regulations even governed use of sirens, police lights, and whistles.

Public relations

The relationship between the police officers assigned to neighborhood patrols and the people was close. Police officers lived in a neighborhood on a long-term assignment and were expected to know all the residents on a personal basis. Their task was not only to prevent and punish crime but to promote desirable behavior by counseling and acting as role models. These socially responsible aspects of the police officer's duties were constant responsibilities, and the bond between the public security units and the people was strengthened annually by means of "cherish-the-people" months, during which the police officer made a special effort to help the local people, especially the aged and infirm.

Recruitment

Police are officially drawn from every segment of the population without restriction as to sex or ethnic origin. Though some foreigner observers believe that Han Chinese are given preference, there is no statistical data available that supports such a contention. Selection is based on political loyalty, intelligence, and health, as it is for the PLA. There is at least one police school in every provincial-level unit, and others are operated by municipalities. Usually those police designated for leadership positions attend the police schools, and patrolmen are trained at the unit and on the job. Legal training is emphasized as a method of improving the quality of the police forces. In 1985 three institutions of higher learning for police personnel were established—the Chinese People's Public Security University, the University of Police Officers, and the Institute of Criminal Police—offering more than twenty special courses. Students are recruited from the pool of senior middle-school graduates under twenty-two years of age, with a waiver to twenty-five years of age for those who have a minimum of two years' experience in public security work.

Firearms

Handguns

+Product list and details
Make/Model	Type	Origin
Norinco	QSZ-92	1996-Present
Norinco	9mm Revolver	Began in 2006, issued to frontline officers.
Norinco		1981-Present

Submachine guns

+Product list and details
Make/Model	Type	Origin
Norinco		1979-Present

Fleet

A 1.8T MG7 sedans

BMW 5 series sedans

BMW 7 series sedans

Chevrolet sedans (China manufactured)

Humvee SUVs

Mercedes sedans

SAIC Roewe 750 V6

Volkswagen Jetta sedans

See also

PRC Ministry of State Security

Public Security Construction

Public Security Work Bulletin

People's Public Security

Ministries of China

Notes

References

John Pike, Federation of American Scientists, Intelligence Resource Program, Ministry of Public Security

Kam C. Wong, Chinese Policing: History and Reform (N.Y.: Peter Lang, 2009)

Kam C. Wong, Police Reform in China: A Chinese Perspective (Taylor and Francis, 2011) (July 2011)

External links

Ministry of Public Security official website

Ministry of Public Security official website

Public security China Category:Law enforcement agencies of the People's Republic of China Category:Ministries established in 1949

fr:Ministère de la sécurité publique de la République populaire de Chine it:Ministero di pubblica sicurezza della Repubblica popolare cinese he:המשרד לביטחון הציבור של סין ja:中華人民共和国公安部 no:Ministeriet for offentlig sikkerhet i Folkerepublikken Kina pl:Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej ru:Министерство общественной безопасности КНР sv:Ministeriet för offentlig säkerhet i Kina zh:中华人民共和国公安部

name	Jared Lee Loughner
birth date	September 10, 1988
nationality	American
residence	Tucson, Arizona
education	Mountain View High School (dropped out)Pima Community College (withdrew)
known for	2011 Tucson shooting
criminal charge
criminal status
footnotes	}}

Jared Lee Loughner (; born September 10, 1988) is an American man who is charged with the January 8, 2011 Tucson, Arizona shooting that killed six people, including a nine-year-old girl (Christina Taylor Green) and the Chief U.S. District Court Judge John Roll. The shooting also left 14 others injured, including U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords. He has been indicted on 49 counts by federal grand juries in Arizona.

Personal background

Loughner is the only child of Randy and Amy Loughner. They are described by a neighbor as a very private family. He attended Mountain View High School, and dropped out in 2006. Around this time those who knew him noted a change in his personality. Kelsey Hawkes, who dated Loughner for several months in high school, said she could not believe it was him after hearing of Loughner's arrest. "I've always known him as the sweet, caring Jared", said Hawkes, 21, a student at the University of Arizona. While Loughner had friends in high school, neighbors noted that in the years following he would keep to himself and not respond to others. Zach Osler, another high school classmate of Loughner's, and his closest friend, indicated that Loughner's life began to unravel after his high school girlfriend broke up with him, and he began to abuse alcohol and drugs, specifically Salvia divinorum, a natural and legal hallucinogen. Another longtime friend, Kylie Smith, added that he had used cannabis (marijuana), psychedelic mushrooms, and LSD around that time as well.

At some point, Loughner was fired from his job at a Quiznos restaurant, with his manager saying he underwent a personality transformation. After this, Loughner briefly volunteered at a local animal shelter, walking dogs, but he was asked not to return; the shelter manager later said, "He was walking dogs in an area we didn't want dogs walked... He didn't understand or comprehend what the supervisor was trying to tell him. He was just resistant to that information." From February to September 2010, Loughner had five contacts with Pima Community College police for classroom and library disruptions. On September 29, 2010, college police discovered a YouTube video shot by Loughner, in which his spoken commentary stated that the college was illegal according to the United States Constitution. The college told Loughner that if he wanted to come back to school, he needed to resolve his Code of Conduct violations and obtain a mental health clearance indicating, in the opinion of a mental health professional, that his presence did not constitute a danger to himself or others. On October 4, Loughner and his parents met with campus administrators and Loughner indicated he would withdraw from the college. During Loughner's time at Pima, a teacher and a classmate both said they thought he might commit a school shooting.

According to court records, Loughner had two previous offenses. In October 2007, he was cited in Pima County for possession of drug paraphernalia from September 10, 2007, which was dismissed after he completed a diversion program. On October 13, 2008 he was charged after defacing a street sign in Marana, near Tucson. That charge was also dismissed following the completion of a diversion program in March 2009. The U.S. Army confirmed that Loughner had been rejected as "unqualified" from the service in 2008. According to military sources, Loughner admitted to marijuana use on numerous occasions during the application process. Loughner quit using marijuana (as well as alcohol and tobacco) in late 2008 and did not use it since, according to one of his longtime friends. Dr. Laura Nelson, deputy Director for Behavioral Health at the Arizona Department of Health Services, said the state has no record of Loughner seeking mental health treatment in the public system.

Views

In the initial aftermath of the 2011 Tucson shooting, many speculated that Loughner's political views had been fueled by extremist rhetoric. Records show that Loughner was registered as an independent voter and voted in 2006 and 2008, but not in 2010. A YouTube channel under an account called "Classitup10" was linked to Loughner. Loughner had also posted a video on YouTube in which he described his school, Pima Community College, as "one of the biggest scams in America". This video led to Loughner being suspended from the school. One classmate stated that Loughner had laughed at a young woman and likened her to a terrorist after she read a poem about getting an abortion. They also recall Loughner as an atheist and a nihilist. An old friend, Bryce Tierney, discussed several of Loughner's views. According to him, Loughner had exhibited a longstanding dislike for Gabrielle Giffords, a Blue Dog Democrat, and he repeatedly derided her as a "fake". This grudge intensified when he attended her August 25, 2007, event and she did not, in his view, sufficiently answer his question: "What is government if words have no meaning?" Loughner kept Giffords' form letter, which thanked him for attending the 2007 event. An envelope in the same box as the letter was scrawled with phrases like "die bitch" and "assassination plans have been made." Loughner was known to believe, and to say, that women should not hold positions of power. Loughner's best friend, Zach Osler, disputed speculation by media commentators that Loughner's actions were fueled by partisan politics and rhetoric, insisting, "He did not watch TV, he disliked the news, he didn't listen to political radio, he didn't take sides, he wasn't on the Left, he wasn't on the Right," and instead conspiracy theories had a profound effect on him. Another friend, Zane Gutierrez, later told the ''New York Times'' that Loughner's anger would also "well up at the sight of President George W. Bush or in discussing what he considered to be the nefarious designs of government."

Loughner believed in numerous conspiracy theories and espoused views such as: the United States Government was responsible for the September 11 attacks; a New World Order would bring about a one world currency; there would be a 2012 apocalypse; NASA had faked spaceflights; and the government was using mind control to brainwash people by controlling grammar. He was a member of the message board ''Above Top Secret'' though members of the site did not respond warmly to his posts. Reports appearing after the shooting noted similarities between the statements made by Loughner concerning grammar and mind control and the views of conspiracy theorist David Wynn Miller. Miller stated, "He's just repeating things I've had up on my site the past 11 years." According to Zach Osler, the online conspiracy theory film ''Zeitgeist: The Movie'' affected Loughner's view of the world. Loughner believed that most people in the country are brainwashed and are unaware that nothing is real. Loughner became obsessed with controlling what he perceived to be lucid dreams.

Tucson shooting

Loughner allegedly purchased the 9mm Glock pistol used in the shooting from a Sportsman's Warehouse in Tucson on November 30, 2010. The night before the shooting, he left a message on a friend's voicemail saying, "Hey man, it's Jared. Me and you had good times. Peace out. Later." In a MySpace post the morning of the shooting at 4:12 am, he wrote, "Goodbye friends. Please don't be mad at me. The literacy rate is below 5%. I haven't talked to one person who is literate. I want to make it out alive. The longest war in the history of the United States. Goodbye. I'm saddened with the current currency and job employment. I had a bully at school. Thank you. P.S. --plead the fifth!" Photos on the MySpace page showed a close-up picture of a handgun sitting atop a document titled "United States History."

At 7:04 am MST (UTC-7), Loughner went to a Walmart store in the Foothills Mall to purchase ammunition but left the store and completed his purchase at a Walmart on North Cortaro Road at 7:28 am. He was stopped by an Arizona Game and Fish Department officer at 7:34 am MST (UTC-7) for running a red light, but once the officer determined there were no outstanding warrants for Loughner, he was allowed to proceed to his destination with a warning to drive carefully. He then took a taxi to a Safeway supermarket location in Casas Adobes, where Giffords was holding a constituents meeting. The shooting occurred on January 8, 2011, at 10:10 am MST (UTC-7). Loughner allegedly opened fire on Giffords as well as numerous bystanders, killing six people. Thirteen other people were injured by gunfire, and one person was injured while fleeing the scene of the shooting. Giffords, the apparent target of the attack, was shot in the head and left in critical condition.

Arrest

Loughner was subdued by bystanders and was arrested by police, saying, "I plead the Fifth," as he was taken into custody. A photograph taken by the Pima County Sheriff's Office's forensic unit was released to the media on January 10, 2011 and published on front pages nationwide. The ''Washington Post'' described the picture as "smirking and creepy, with hollow eyes ablaze," while the art director for the ''New York Times'' stated it was placed on the front page because it "was the picture of the day [...] it was intense and arresting. It invited you to look and study, and wonder."

Legal proceedings

Loughner was charged in federal court with one count of attempted assassination of a member of Congress, two counts of murder of a federal employee (including federal judge John Roll), and two counts of attempting to murder a federal employee. He was indicted on three of the charges on January 19, 2011. Loughner was being held without bail in the Federal Correctional Institution at Phoenix, kept isolated in his cell away from other inmates 23 hours a day and allowed out for one hour to shower and exercise. On February 24, 2011 he was transferred to the United States Penitentiary (USP) Tucson.

Attorney Judy Clarke, a former federal public defender who has represented suspects in several high profile murder and terrorism cases, has been appointed to represent Loughner in federal court. The entire federal judiciary of the state of Arizona recused themselves from hearing the case because of their ties to fellow judge John Roll, who was killed in the attack. At the direction of Ninth Circuit Chief Judge Alex Kozinski, the federal case will be heard by San Diego-based Judge Larry Alan Burns from the Southern District of California. Federal prosecutors have opposed motions to move the case outside of Arizona because of pre-trial publicity; the decision will be made by incoming Chief Judge Roslyn O. Silver, who succeeded Roll in the federal district of Arizona.

Prosecutors representing Arizona, which has concurrent jurisdiction in the matter, have announced they intend to file murder and attempted murder charges on behalf of the other victims, those who were not members of Congress or federal employees, although they could legally file charges on behalf of all victims. Arizona state prosecutors normally have ten days from the time a suspect is brought into custody to file charges, but time spent in federal custody does not count towards this limitation. Arizona law does not permit a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity, but does allow for a verdict of guilty but insane.

On January 24, 2011, Loughner appeared at the Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse in Phoenix, before Judge Burns from San Diego. Loughner, whose hair had partially regrown since his arrest, smiled while presented with the charges related to the shooting, including the attempted killing of Giffords and two of her aides. Loughner's attorney, Judy Clarke, requested that Judge Burns select a plea on her client's behalf, to which a plea of not guilty was recorded. When Burns asked Clarke if Loughner understood the charges against him, she replied that they were "not raising that issue" at that time. She also did not object to a request by prosecutors to have future hearings moved back to Tucson. On March 3, 2011 a federal grand jury indicted Loughner on additional charges of murder and attempted murder for a total of 49 counts. On March 9, 2011 Loughner pleaded not guilty to all 49 charges.

Medico-legal issues

On May 25, 2011, Judge Burns ruled Loughner incompetent to stand trial. Court proceedings are suspended while Loughner, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, He will have to appear in court on September 21, 2011, when the judge will review whether he understands the charges and can assist in his defense. Some legal experts have asserted in the media that it is possible that he will never be found competent and could remain in a psychiatric facility indefinitely, but prosecutors hope the trial will resume. Loughner had disrupted the court hearing with an outburst, and was carried from the court room. According to the ''New York Times'', Loughner believes he killed Giffords and has clashed with his lawyer when she told him the congresswoman had survived.

On June 26, 2011, Judge Burns ruled that prison doctors could forcibly medicate Loughner with antipsychotic drugs in order to make him fit to stand trial. On July 12, 2011, a three-judge federal appeals panel ruled that Loughner can refuse anti-psychotic medication, since he "has not been convicted of a crime, [and] is presumptively innocent and is therefore entitled to greater constitutional protections than a convicted inmate." However, on July 27, 2011, a federal appeals panel reversed the earlier ruling and authorities can force Loughner to take anti-psychotic medication. On August 30th, 2011, another hearing was held in a federal appeals court to decide whether antipsychotic medication was to be allowed to continue to be administered.

References

External links

United States of America v. Jared Lee Loughner. U.S. District Court of Arizona. January 9, 2011.

* Designation of a District Judge. U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. January 12, 2011.

* Indictment. U.S. District Court of Arizona. January 19, 2011.

"Pima Community College Statement on Today's Tragic Events." Pima Community College. January 8, 2011.

Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:American prisoners and detainees Category:Conspiracy theorists Category:People from Tucson, Arizona Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Category:American atheists Category:People with schizophrenia

es:Jared Lee Loughner ru:Лофнер, Джаред Ли fi:Jared Lee Loughner